Understanding Health Conditions in Older Cats

Understanding Health Conditions in Older Cats: A Guide for Pet Parents

I am old but don’t need to be sick or in pain!

As our feline friends age, their needs and behaviours change—and so do the risks to their health. Senior cats (typically age 10 and older) are more prone to a variety of health conditions that require early recognition and consistent care. Understanding what to watch for can help you keep your older cat comfortable and thriving in their golden years.

Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most common ailments in older cats. It develops gradually and can lead to symptoms such as:

  • Increased thirst and urination
  • Weight loss
  • Vomiting
  • Bad breath (often ammonia-like)
  • Lethargy

Routine blood and urine tests are crucial for early detection. While there’s no cure, diet changes and medications can slow progression and improve quality of life.

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much hormone, often due to a benign tumour. Symptoms include:

  • Increased appetite with weight loss
  • Hyperactivity or restlessness
  • Increased thirst and urination
  • Vomiting or diarrhoea
  • Poor coat condition

Treatment options include medication, a special diet, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery.

Arthritis and Joint Pain

Just like people, cats can develop arthritis as they age. Signs may be subtle:

  • Reluctance to jump or climb
  • Stiffness after sleeping
  • Hiding or irritability
  • Grooming less, especially around painful joints

While cats are masters at masking pain, joint supplements, anti-inflammatory medications, and environmental adjustments can help them stay mobile and comfortable.

Dental Disease

Dental issues, including gingivitis and tooth resorption, are common in senior cats. Signs include:

  • Drooling
  • Bad breath
  • Difficulty eating
  • Pawing at the mouth

Annual dental cleanings and at-home care can make a big difference in both comfort and overall health.

Diabetes

Older, overweight cats are more likely to develop diabetes. Key signs are:

  • Increased thirst and urination
  • Weight loss despite a good appetite
  • Lethargy
  • Sweet-smelling breath

With insulin therapy, dietary management, and monitoring, many cats can live well-managed lives.

Cancer

Cancer becomes more likely with age. Lymphoma is one of the most common types in cats. Watch for:

  • Lumps or bumps
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Decreased appetite
  • Changes in behaviour

Early diagnosis can allow for better treatment options and outcomes.

Cognitive Dysfunction

Also called “feline dementia,” this condition affects a cat’s brain as it ages. Symptoms might include:

  • Disorientation (getting stuck in corners or forgetting familiar places)
  • Increased vocalization, especially at night
  • Changes in sleeping patterns
  • Litter box accidents

While cognitive decline can’t be reversed, certain diets, supplements, and routine can support brain health.

Caring for Your Senior Cat

Older cats benefit from:

  • Twice-yearly vet checkups
  • Bloodwork and urinalysis to catch early signs of disease
  • Weight monitoring to detect subtle changes
  • Comfortable home adjustments like ramps and soft bedding
  • High-quality nutrition tailored to senior needs

Final Thoughts

Aging is a natural part of life, and with attentive care, your senior cat can continue to enjoy a high quality of life. Knowing the signs of common conditions—and working closely with your veterinarian—ensures your feline companion receives the love and support they deserve throughout their senior years.